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O’Callaghan delineates in Chapter 5 (pp. 63–71) the notion of freedom which
he considers to currently be «in crisis» (p. 66). He is convinced that Christians can
better understand freedom by gazing at creation as God’s «free act of giving» (p. 68).
Cautioning against the modern conception of freedom as self-construction, he asserts
that freedom consists «not primarily in doing, but in accepting, not in acting, but in
receiving» (p. 68). The Christian belief in freedom, he concludes, is a belief in a God
who gives abundantly without imposing his will (p. 69).
In Chapter 6 (pp. 73–87), O’Callaghan turns to the values of equality. After
rooting human sociality in God’s creative act (p. 75), he conrms the Christian origin
of humans’ fundamental equality (pp. 77–79). God alone can make the aspiration of
equality a reality (p. 81). O’Callaghan reminds the reader that inequality – an occa-
sion for reciprocal edication among human beings as receptors of God’s gifts – also
springs from divine creative action (pp. 81–84).
The value of gratitude constitutes the focus of Chapter 7 (pp. 89–99). Identifying
today’s world as «a world of conquest» (p. 95), he observes that what modernity has
lost is «not so much conquest but thanksgiving» (p. 96). He describes how Christianity
breaks the Graeco-Roman circle of gratitude where the giver oers the beneciary
a favor with the expectation of receiving a return. For Christians, gratitude is to be
expressed ultimately to God alone, the source of all gifts (p. 92).
Lastly, in the Epilogue (pp. 101–117), O’Callaghan attempts to integrate conser-
vatism and liberalism into an armative Christian synthesis. Given the enigma that
arises when one converts those two personal tempers into collective categories, he
holds that, on a public level, «it is not easy to be liberal for a long time» (p. 106): once
a liberal society attains its aspiration, it ought to conserve it. Applying the et-et principle,
he argues that a true Christian is «a true conservative» by handing on the gifts they
received from God to others and «a true liberal» by cherishing freedom, individuality,
and conversion (p. 110). Subsequently, as he analogizes the conservatism-liberalism
dichotomy to those of nature-freedom, Christ-Spirit, and faith-hope (pp. 110–113),
he underscores the impossibility to separate Christ from the Spirit (p. 111). To end,
O’Callaghan ties the Christian conservatism-liberalism synthesis to the interrelated-
ness of the theological virtues: «[t]he life of the Christian is built on faith which links
him or her with the past, to charity in the present, and as a result to hope, leading
condently into the future» (p. 113).
This book – similar to O’Callaghan’s other works (e.g., Children of God in the World
[The Catholic University of America Press, 2016] and God’s Gift of the Universe [The
Catholic University of America Press, 2022]) – stands out by reason of the diversity
of its interlocutors. Besides Catholic thinkers, he cites Jews (e.g., J. Sacks, A. Hes-
chel), non-Catholic Christians (e.g., W. Pannenberg, W. Rietkerk), and non-Christians
(e.g., S. Aurobindo). Moreover, he goes beyond the bounds of theology by quoting
not only theologians (e.g., R. Guardini, H. von Balthasar) but also philosophers (e.g.,
R. Descartes, I. Kant, H. Bergson, J. Maritain, H. Arendt, G. Marcel), poets (e.g., J.
Goethe, H. Heine), psychologists (e.g., B. F. Skinner), neuroscientists (e.g., B. Libet, V.
Ramachandran), historians (e.g., M. Gauchet, A. Tocqueville), sociologists (e.g., R.
Stark), novelists (e.g., F. Dostoevskij, T. S. Eliot; J. Austen), politicians (e.g., W. Wilson,
K. Sibal), and many others.